08/09/2020
Hello, dear students. Here we have the corrections to the questions on lessons 14&15 as follows. Please, study them against the given questions.
Correction to the questions on lesson 14
- Soil conservation is the act of maintaining soil fertility to ensure continuous supply of nutrient and water for plant growth.
2. Five ways by which soil nutrients are lost.
Soil nutrients can be lost through the following ways:
a. Erosion
b. Leaching
c. Bush burning
 d. Plant uptake
 e. Concentration of some plant nutrients in the soil.
Correction to the questions on lesson 15
- Three  Human Activities that lead to loss of Soil Nutrients
a. Uncontrolled burning
b. Indiscriminate felling of trees
c. Unplanned farm operations
2. Three Adverse Effects of Soil Conservation Methods on the Ecosystem:
a. Disturbance in the ecosystem
Methods of soil conservation may cause an imbalance in the ecosystem.
b. Poisoning
Chemicals (fertilizers) applied may be washed into nearby bodies of water. This becomes toxic to aquatic organisms or other animals.
c. Â Pollution
Application of chemicals in excess may cause pollution of nearby water bodies i.e. river, stream, etc.
01/09/2020
LESSON 15
TOPIC: SOIL CONSERVATION METHODS
Soil water and nutrients can be conserved by practising the following:
- Planting cover crops.
2. Practising mulching.
3. Fallowing
4. Practising crop rotation
5. Application of organic and inorganic fertilizers
6. Appropriate tillage practices.
Human Activities that lead to loss of Soil Nutrients
- Uncontrolled grazing
- Uncontrolled burning
- Indiscriminate felling of trees
- Road and building construction
- Unplanned farm operations
Effects of Soil Conservation Methods
Some soil conservation methods may have negative effects on ecosystem. These include:
- Disturbance in the ecosystem
Methods of soil conservation may cause an imbalance in the ecosystem.
2. Killing of important or beneficial agricultural organisms.
3. Poisoning
Chemicals (fertilizers) applied may be washed into nearby bodies of water. This becomes toxic to aquatic organisms or other animals.
4. Pollution
Application of chemicals in excess may cause pollution of nearby water bodies i.e. river, stream, etc.
ASSIGNMENT
Answer the following questions and submit using the form provided:
- Mention three human activities that lead to loss of soil nutrients.
- State three adverse effects that soil conservation methods may have on the ecosystem.
25/08/2020
CORRECTION TO THE ASSIGNMENT ON LESSON 13
1. Five storage structures are:
a. Cribs
b. Rhumbus
c. Barn
d. Silo
e. Bag
2. Examples of farm produce stored in the above structures:
a. Cribs : maize, millet.
b. Rhumbus : guinea corn, millet.
c. Barn : yam, cocoyam.
d. Silo : rice, maize
e. Bag : beans, rice.
CORRECTION TO THE ASSIGNMENT ON LESSON 14
1. Soil conservation is the act of maintaining soil fertility to ensure continuous supply of nutrients and water for plant growth.
2. Five ways by which soil nutrients are lost:
a. Erosion
b. Leaching
c . Bush burning
d. Plant uptake
e. Concentration of some plant nutrients in the soil.
18/8/2020
NOTE: The correction for both lessons 13 & 14 would be given after the questions on lesson 14 have been submitted because of misplacement of the submission form for lesson 13 last week. So, those who have not submitted the assignment on lesson 13 should revist it and do so. Thanks
LESSON 14
Topic: Soil Conservation
Soil conservation is the act of maintaining soil fertility to ensure continuous supply of nutrient and water for plant growth.
Importance of Soil Conservation
1. To ensure continuous supply of water and nutrient needed for plant growth.
2. To reduce or prevent loss of water and nutrients.
3. To maintain a standard in the management of soil.
Ways by which soil nutrients are lost.
Soil nutrients can be lost through the following ways:
1.Erosion
2.Leaching
3. Bush burning
4. Plant uptake
5. Soil pH
6. Concentration of some plant nutrients in the soil.
Erosion
This is the washing away of soil particles by rain water or wind.
Types of Erosion
Sheet erosion
Splash erosion
Rill or finger-like erosion
Gully erosion.
Control of Erosion
By practising terracing
By planting cover crops
By practising mulching
By planting across the slope
Leaching
This is the removal of soil nutrients from the top soil to the sub soil by percolation water beyond the reach of plant root.
Burning
This is the setting of farmland or bush on fire to destroy the vegetation. This destroys soil organic matter, soil organisms, etc.
Plant Uptake
Continuous growing of plants on soil removes nutrients from the soil.
Soil pH
If the soil is acidic, it reduces the activities of soil living organisms, thus reducing the organic matter in the soil.
Acidic soil also makes micro nutrients to be dissolved which then become toxic to plants.
Concentration of Some Plant Nutrients
Concentration of some plant nutrients do not make other nutrients available in the soil. For example, excess calcium in the soil does not make potassium present in the soil.
ASSIGNMENT
Answer the following questions and submit using the form provided:
1. Define soil conservation.
2. Mention five ways by which soil nutrients are lost.
11/08/2020
LESSON 13
TOPIC: METHOD OF FOOD STORAGE
Farm produce can be stored in specially prepared equipment or structures. These include:
Barn
Crib
Silos
Rhumbus
Bin
Basket
Bag
Refrigerator/ freezer.
Barn
A barn is a traditional storage structure for storing farm produce like yam, cocoyam, etc. Barn consists of a vertical an horizontal wooden framework raised above the ground. The yam tubers are tied on the framework by means of a string.
Crib
Crib is rectangular or cylindrical in shape. It is built with local wooden materials and covered with thatched leaves or corrugated iron sheets. Maize, guinea corn, etc are stored in crib. Crib helps to dry grains to a very low moisture content level.
Silos
Silos are storage structure made of aluminum metal or concrete. They are mostly cylindrical in shape and used to store dried grains like maize, rice, etc.
Rhumbus
A rhumbus is cylindrical or spherical in shape. The wall or body is made up of mud and has a conical roof made of thatched leaves. The structure is raised on a wooden platform to avoid flood. Dried grains like maize, millet, guinea corn, etc that have not been threshed are stored in rhumbus.
Bag(Bagging)
Dried grains like maize, beans, rice, are stored in bags or jute bags. The bags are kept in a store of warehouse.
Bin(Bin storage)
Small quantities of liquid produce or stored farm produce are stored in small plastic or metal container(bin). Also, some grains like maize, rice, can be stored in bins.
Basket
Farm produce like tomatoes, pepper, onion,are stored in baskets. Kolanut are wrapped in leaves before they are stored or kept in baskets.
Cold storage (Refrigerators or freezers)
Cold storage structures include refrigerator, freezer, etc. They help to preserve the quality of farm produce like fish, meat, fruits, eggs, etc.
ASSIGNMENT
Answer the following questions and submit through the form provided:
1. Mention 5 storage structures for farm produce.
2. List 2 examples of farm produce stored in each storage structure mentioned in (1) above.
CORRECTION TO QUESTIONS ON LESSON 12
1. Food storage is the process of gathering and keeping harvested farm produce in specific facilities or structures to preserve their quality.
2. Five factors affecting storage of farm produce
a. Moisture content
b. Temperature
c. Pest activities
d. Quality of farm produce to be stored
e. Relative humidity
04/08/2020
LESSON 12
Topic: Storage of Farm Produce
Definition: Food storage is the process of gathering and keeping harvested farm produce in a specially prepared facilities to preserve their qualities.
Reasons for Storing Farm Produce
- To preserve the quality of produce.
- To reduce or prevent wastage of farm .
- To make food available where they are not produced.
- To preserve planting materials for the next planting season.
- To control price
- To enable farmer to meet market target and make good profit.
Factors Affecting Food Storage
These include:
a. Moisture content
b. Relative humidity
c. Quality of produce to be stored
d. Temperature
e. Pest activities
Moisture content: All farm produce contain some amount of water after harvesting. Some of the produce need to be dried before storage e.g maize, beans, etc.
Relative humidity: Relative humidity is the amount of water in the atmosphere. If a high moisture content is desirable in a farm produce, the atmosphere in which it should be stored should have a high relative humidity e.g. vegetables, fruits, etc.
Quality of produce to be stored: A farm produce to be stored should be in good condition before storage.
Temperature: Different farm produce require different temperature to store well. For example, farm produce like groundnut, millet,etc are most times subjectivity to high temperature before they are stored.
Pest activities: Harvested farm produce that has been attacked by pests will not store well no matter how good the storage facility is.
ASSIGNMENT
Answer the following questions and submit using the form provided:
- Define food storage
- Mention five factors affecting food storage.
CORRECTION TO QUESTIONS ON LESSON 11
- Definition of terms:
a. Kitten: A young rabbit.
b. Hutch: A place where rabbits are housed.
c. Pelt: The skin of rabbit.
d. Kindling: The act of giving birth in rabbit.
e. Sire: The father of a set of young rabbit. - Three systems of rearing pig:
a. Intensive system
b. Semi-intensive system
c. Extensive system
28/07/2020
Lesson 11
Rabbit Husbandry
Terminologies
- Buck: An adult male rabbit
- Doe: An adult female rabbit
- Kitten or Warren: A young rabbit
- Hutch: The house of a rabbit
- Pelt: The skin of rabbit
- Kindling: Act of giving birth in rabbit
- Litters: All young ones produced at the same time by one doe
- Dam: Mother of a set of young rabbits
- Sire: father of a set of young rabbits
House of a Rabbit(HUTCH)
- Hutch is made up of wooden frame in form of a cage
- The leg is made up of wood
- The front and back of the frame or cage is covered with wire netting
- The floor of the hutch is made up of wire netting
- Feeding and water trough is placed inside the hutch
- The wooden legs are put in a bowl containing
- The whole cage is put under a shed called RABBITARY.
Feeding
- Rabbit feeds on concentrate, green plants like forage legumes, tridax, dried cassava root etc.
- Water is provided
Weaning
A young rabbit is weaned 5-6 weeks old
Hygiene and Medication
- The floor of the rabbitary should be washed regularly
- Water and feeding trough should be cleaned regularly to prevent contamination
- Rabbit should be dewormed
- Sick rabbit should be isolated from healthy
Pig Husbandry
Terminologies
- Boar- A matured male pig
- Saw- A matured female pig
- Gilt – A female pig that has reproduced once or is matured to reproduce
- Piglet- A young pig
- Fatteners: Old pig reared for market
- Barrow: A castrated male pig
- Pork: Meat of pig
- Bacon: Salted pig meat
- Lard: Oil from pig
- Farrowing: Act of giving birth in pig
- Dry-sow: A sow that is not pregnant
- Litter: Number of piglet produced by per sow
Systems of rearing pig
- Extensive system
- Semi-Intensive system
- Intensive System
Feeding in pig husbandry
- Feed given to pig include cereals, tubers, concentrates etc. with adequate water
Weaning
Piglets are weaned 5-6 weeks after birth
Hygiene and medication
- Surroundings of the pen must be kept clean
- Water and feeding equipment must be kept clean
- Regular vaccination should be administered
- Sick animals should be isolated from the healthy ones to prevent transmission.
ASSIGNMENT
Answer the following questions and submit through the form provided:
- Define the following terms as related to rabbit husbandry :
a. Kitten
b. Hutch
c. Pelt
d. Kindling
e. Sire
2. Mention 3 systems of rearing pig .
HUSBANDRY OF RUMINANT ANIMAL
(cattle, sheep, Goat etc.)
Terminologies used in cattle husbandry
Bull: Adult male cattle
Cow: Adult female cattle
Heifer: Young female cattle up to her for calving.
Bullock or Steer: Castrated male cattle
Calf: A young cattle
Stud: Male cattle used mainly for breeding
Beef: Meat of cattle
Veal: Meat from calf
Beef cattle: Cattle raised for meat production
Dairy cattle: Cattle reared for milk production
Calving: Act of giving birth(parturition) in cattle.
Service: Act of mating in cattle.
Ox: A castrated adult male cattle
Terminologies used in Sheep Husbandry
Ram: An adult male sheep
Ewe: An adult female sheep
Lamb: A young sheep
Mutton: Meat of sheep
Lambing: Act of giving birth in sheep.
Terminologies used in Goat husbandry
Buck or Billy: Adult male goat
Nanny or Doe: An adult female goat
Kid: A young goat
Chevon: Meat of goat
Kidding: Act of giving birth in goat.
Common terminologies( cattle, sheep and goat)
Flushing: The process of increasing feed intake of a matured female animal to increase the number of eggs(ova) released for fertilization during mating.
Gestation period: Period of pregnancy in farm animals
Lactation: Act of releasing milk from the udder of a female animal immediately after parturition i.e after giving birthed o
Weaning: it is the separation of young animal from the mother so that it can be independent.
Management systems in cattle, sheep and goat
The system of management or rearing cattle, sheep and goat is classified into three. These are
Extensive system
Semi-Intensive system
Intensive system
Extensive system
This is a system of rearing cattle, sheep and goat in which farm animals are allowed to roam about in search of water and green pastures
No particular house is built compound
No medication is given
Semi-Intensive system
This is a system in which cattle, sheep and goat are provided with house called PEN.
The farm animals are allowed to go out of the pen and graze around the pasture which is kept within same compound with the pen (sometimes it could be out of the compound which the pen is located)
The animals are also provided with concentrate feed e.g. cassava peelings, yam peelings, etc.
Medication is provided
Intensive system
In the system, farm animals are kept in a pen and are not allowed to roam about.
Feed, water, medications etc. Are provided.
Grasses and forage legumes are legumes are cut and fed to farm animals in the pen (zero grazing).
Concentrates, yam peelings, cassava peelings, etc are also provided.
ASSIGNMENT
Answer the following questions and submit using the form provided:
Define the following common terms used in ruminant animal husbandry:
Flushing
Gestation
Parturition
Weaning
Lactation
CORRECTION TO THE QUESTION ON LESSON NINE
1.Example of semi-intensive system is FOLD UNIT.
2Two advantages of semi-intensive system.
a. The birds have access to natural vegetation which provides vitamins and minerals.
b.There is protection against adverse weather conditions.
14/07/2020
LESSON NINE
Topic : Poultry Management
Semi-intensive system
Semi-intensive system of poultry management is a mid-way between extensive system and intensive system. In this system, poultry birds are kept in a large expanse of land during the day and a cage in which they are kept in the night. They are also kept in the cage against adverse weather conditions. They feed on green vegetation while moving about within the fenced area. Feed, water and medication are also provided for them. An example of semi-intensive system is Fold unit.
Advantages of Semi-intensive system
.The birds have access to natural vegetation which provides vitamins and minerals.
.There is protection against adverse weather conditions.
Disadvantages of Semi-intensive system
.It leads to lower egg production compared to intensive system.
.It also leads to high cost of feeding the birds.
Intensive system
Here, the birds are confined within the building and are not allowed to move out. Feeds, water and all medications are provided for the birds. Two examples of intensive system of poultry management are:
Deep Litter System
Battery Cage System
Battery Cage System
This is an intensive system of poultry management in which poultry birds are kept in a cage.
Features
. The battery cage or house is in from of a cage with compartments;
. Feeding trough, water trough and egg collecting section are attached to the cage;
. The front, back and the sides are covered with wire netting to ensure good ventilation.
Advantages
.Egg production is high and it is of better quality.
.It provides opportunity for close monitoring of poultry birds.
.Poultry birds are given balanced feed and good medication.
Disadvantages
.It is expensive to practice.
.There is no room for poultry birds to exercise their bodies.
.Pests and diseases are easily spread.
Deep Litter System
This is an intensive system of poultry management in which poultry birds are kept on the floor of a house.
Features
.The wall of the house is about 60cm-90cm high;
The space between the wall and the roof is covered with wire netting;
.The floor is made up of concrete and is covered with litter which could be wood shavings, crushed maize cobs, etc.
Advantages
.It increases efficiency in poultry management.
.Poultry birds are protected from harsh weather conditions.
Disadvantages
.The cost of construction of house for the birds is high.
.The cost of feeding is also high.
ASSIGNMENT
Answer the following questions and submit through the form provided:
.State one example of semi-intensive system of poultry management.
Mention two advantages of semi-intensive system of poultry management
CORRECTION TO QUESTIONS ON LESSON EIGHT
. Two advantages of extensive system:
a. It requires small capital investment.
b. It requires less labour.
Three advantages of extensive system
a. The birds are exposed to adverse weather conditions.
b. Egg production is low.
c. Poultry birds can be attacked by predators like snake, hawk,
07/07/2020
Lesson Eight
POULTRY MANAGEMENT
There are 3 systems of poultry management.
- Extensive system
- Semi-Intensive system
- Intensive system
Extensive system
This is the system of poultry management in which poultry birds are allowed to roam about in search of water and green posture.
There is no proper housing and medication.
The poultry birds are exposed to adverse weather condition (i.e heavy rainfall,heat of the sun etc)
Advantages
- The method is cheap.
2. Poultry birds have opportunities to exercise their bodies.
Disadvantages
1.Poultry birds are exposed to harsh or adverse weather condition.
2. They can be stolen or killed by vehicles.
3. Egg production is low.
4. Poultry birds can be attaked by predators like hawk, snake etc.
Assignment
1.Mention two advantages of extensive system
2. Mention three disavantages of extensive system
30/06/2020
LESSON SEVEN
TOPIC :HUSBANDRY OF FARM ANIMALS
Definition
Animal husbandry it’s the art and science of reading farm animals including poultry birds to ensure high productivity.
Importance of farm animal husbandry
The importance can be categorized into three :
a. Economic importance
b. Socio-economic importance
c. Farming purposes.
Economic importance of Animal Husbandry
- Raw materials from farm animals are used in the industry
- It provides employment opportunities.
- It is a source of income to farmers.
- It is a source of protein.
Socio-economic importance of farm animal husbandry - Farm animals are used for religious purposes
- They can be used as gifts for friends and relatives.
- They can be used as materials for marriage in some communities and culture.
Farming purposes - Dungs of farm animals and droppings of poultry birds can be added to soil to improve the soil fertility.
- Dungs and droppings can be added to fish pond to encourage the growth of planktons which are eaten by fish.
Poultry Husbandry
Poultry husbandry is the science and art of raising and management of poultry birds for good quality meat, etc, production.
Terminologies Used in Poultry Production(Domestic fowl)
.Chick: A young fowl between 0 to 6 weeks of age.
.Pullet: A female fowl below one year.
.Hen: An adult female fowl above one year
.Cockerel: A male fowl below one year
.Cock: An adult male fowl above one year.
.Capon: A castrated male fowl.
.Clutch: A group of chicks.
.Treading: An act of mating in poultry birds.
.Broilers: Domestic fowls raised for meat production.
.Layers: Female fowls raised for egg production.
ASSIGNMENT
Answer the following questions and submit though the form provided :
- Define animal husbandry.
- List the three categories of the importance of animal husbandry.
- Define the following terms used in poultry production :
a. Capon
b. Broilers
c. Treading
CORRECTION TO THE QUESTIONS ON LESSON SIX
- Fish preservation is the process keeping fish in conditions to prevent spoilage.
- Cleaning in fish preservation involves the removal of gut, scale, etc from fish and adequate washing.
- Fish preservation is achieved through sun-drying by using the heat of the sun to remove water from fish to prevent the activities of spoilage micro-organisms.
23/06/2020
LESSON SIX
TOPIC: PRESERVATION OF FISH
Fish is preserved mainly to prevent spoilage and wastage of fishes as well as to retain the quality over a long period of time.
Preservation of fish starts from cleaning which involves the removal of gills, scale, guts, etc. The cleaning is followed by one or more of the following methods:
1.Salting
2.Sun-drying
- Smoking
- Cold storage
- Canning.
Salting: this is a method of fish preservation which involves the smearing of salt on fish to prevent the growth and activities of micro-organisms which cause spoilage.
Sun-drying: this involves the use of the heat of the sun to remove water from fish. This method eventually prevents the activities and growth of micro-organisms which cause spoilage.
Smoking: this method involves the use of naked fire to dry up water in fish. Here, fire is made in a container of charcoal pot. Fishes are arranged on wire gauze placed on top of the pot of container. Fishes are turned from time to time to ensure the removal of water from fish which prevents fish spoilage.
Cold storage: this involves the use of facilities like deep freezer, refrigerator, cold room etc to make water in fish to freeze at zero degree Celsius or below. This prevents micro-organisms from surviving and also from causing spoilage.
Canning: this is a method of preserving and storing fish under a septic condition (i.e air-tight container).
Canning involves the following steps :
Clean and sterilize the containers or cans to be used;
Wash and clean the fish;
Put fish in the sterilized cans or containers;
Add tomato sauce on oil;
Seal the containers with the content under high temperature and pressure to make it air-tight.
ASSIGNMENT
Carefully read your notes, answer the following questions and submit using the form provided :
1.Define fish preservation.
- What do you understand by “cleaning” in fish preservation?
- How is fish preservation achieved by sun-drying?
16/06/2020
LESSON FIVE
Topic :Fishing
Definition
Fishing is the practice of catching fish in water bodies such as ponds, streams, etc. Different tools and methods are used in catching fish because fishes are found in different water bodies.
Fishing Tools and Methods
Fishing tools are in various categories which include:
- Fishing nets
- Fishing traps
- Fishing basket
- Fishing gourd
- Fishing hook and line
- Fishing spear.
Fishing nets : these are made up of nylon or threads woven to form net. They may be thrown into the water to catch fish trying to swim across them. Weights are usually attached to the edges of the nets to ensure their sinking to catch fish in the water. Fishing nets include cast net, trawl net, seine net, scoop net, etc.
Fishing traps : these are made from different materials like cane, metal, wire netting, etc. They are placed in shallow water bodies such as streams, river, etc. As fishes enter into them, they are caught. These include triggered trap, funnel entrance trap, fenced trap, foul-hook longlines.
Fishing basket : this is a fishing tool designed like a basket. It has a cylindrical shape with a large mouth. As fish swims, it enters the basket placed in water and the basket is raised suddenly to drain the water while the fish is caught.
Fishing gourd: this is made from a calabash with a narrow and small opening which prevents the fish caught from escaping.
Fishing hook and line: this is made up of rod with a reel, rope/line, sinker, float, hook on which a bait is attached to attract the fish.
Fishing spear: this is wounding gear.It is made up of a sharp metal blade fixed to a wooden or light metal rod. It is used to catch fish in shallow water bodies.
ASSIGNMENT
Read your notes and answer the following questions submitting through the form provided:
- What is the collective name given to fishing tools?
- Mention two other examples of fishing nets not mentioned in the notes given above.
Correction to the questions on lesson four
1a. Juveniles:these are young fishes which are yet to be sexually mature.
b. Fingerlings : these are newly hatched fishes.
- Two examples each for :
a. Bony fishes – catfish, salmon.
b. Cartilaginous fishes – dolphin, dogfish. - Two other importance of fishery :
a. It is useful in the area of research work and other educational purposes.
b. It provides a means of recycling wastes, e. g. animal dungs, poultry droppings are used to fertilize pond water.
09-06-2020
Dear students, please note that the correction to the assignment on lesson three is below this lesson four. Also, be informed that you are to copy the notes being given through this online teaching in your notebooks. Thanks
LESSON FOUR
TOPIC: FISHERY
Definition
Fishery can be defined as the branch of agriculture which involves the raising of selected species of fishes in an enclosed water body under a scientifically controlled condition.
Terms used in fishery
Fish : a particular species of fish regardless of the number
Fishes : different species of fishes.
School : a collection or group of fish(es)
Fry: young or baby fish
Gear: collection of tools or equipment for fishing
Aquaculture : the study of raising fish and other aquatic food organisms.
Classification of Fish
Fishes can be cladeified based on two criteria:
1. based on habitat
2. based on body structure
Based on habitat, we have :
a. Fresh water fishes: fishes that live in water bodies which are low in salt content such as pond, river, e.g. catfish
b. Salt water fishes: fishes that live in water bodies which are high in salt content such as ocean, sea , e.g. tilapia
Based on body structure, we have :
a. Bony fishes: fishes whose skeleton is made of bones e.g. mackerel
b. Cartilaginous fishes: fishes whose skeleton is made of cartilage e.g. shark
Importance of fishery
1. Fishes are good source of animal protein.
2. Fishery provides employment opportunities.
3. Fish and fish products are used in pharmaceutical industry.
Assignment
Answer the following questions and submit using the provided form:
- Define the following terms in relation to fishery :
a. Juvenile
b. Fingerlings
2. Mention two examples for each of the following categories of fish:
a. Bony fish
b. Cartilaginous fish
3. State two other importance of fishery not mentioned in the given note.
Correction to the assignment on lesson three:
- Definition of cropping systems
Cropping systems involves the crops, sequence and methods of cultivating the crops on a piece of land over a period of time.
2. Monoculture: This is the cropping system which involves the cultivation of one type of crop year after year on a piece of land.
3. A disadvantage of continuous cropping is that the land becomes depleted of soil nutrients i.e. it makes the soil fertility exhausted.
02-06-2020
LESSON THREE
Dear students, so far we have had moments of revision on some previous topics. Now, let us proceed to the introductory part of some topics planned for the third term which include:
-Cropping systems
-Fishery and fishing
-Farm animal husbandry
-Husbandry of poultry birds
-Husbandry of cattle, sheep and goat
-Husbandry of pig and rabbit
-Storage of farm produce
NOTE: The correction to the assignment on lesson two is below this lesson three. Thanks.
Let us begin :
Topic: Cropping Systems
Definition
Cropping systems involves the crops, sequence and methods of cultivating the crops on a piece of land over a period of time.
Types of cropping systems:
1. Monocropping or sole cropping
2. Mixed cropping
3. Multiple cropping
4.Crop rotation
5. Monoculture
6. Continuous cropping
See the following:
Monocropping is a cropping system in which only one crop is planted on a piece of land for particular growing season.
Advantages of Monocropping
1. Control of pest and diseases is easy .
2.Fertilizer application is easy.
Disadvantages
1. There is high risk of total crop failure.
2.The land may be exposed to erosion once the crop is harvested.
Mixed cropping is a system which involves the planting of more than one crop on the same piece of land in the same growing season.
Advantages of mixed cropping
1. There is a reduction in the risk of total crop failure.
2. The tendency to expose the land to erosion is reduced
Disadvantages
1. Fertilizer application may be difficult as different crops require different nutrients.
2. It does not encourage mechanisation.
Crop rotation is the cropping system in which more than a crop are planted on the same piece of land following a definite pattern or sequence.
Principles of crop rotation
a. A shallow rooted crop must be followed by a deep rooted crop.
b. Crops that are attacked by the same past and disease must not follow each other in rotation.
c. A legume must be included in the rotation in order to replenish lost soil nutrients.
Advantages of crop rotation
1.It helps in the control of crop pests any diseases.
2. The inclusion of a leguminous crop in the rotation helps in maintaining soil fertility.
Assignment
Carefully read through the given notes any answer the following questions to be submitted using the attached form:
1. Define cropping systems
2. What do you understand by monoculture?
3. State a disadvantage of continuous cropping.
No Fields Found.correction to the assignment on lesson two.
1. Three factors that determine the feed given to farm animals :
A.The age of the farm animal
b. The purpose of rearing the farm animal
c. The physiological state of the farm animal
2. Five classes of feed nutrients:
a. Carbohydrates
b. Protein
c. Vitamins
d. Minerals
e. Fats and oil
3. Difference between maintenance ration and production ration :
Maintenance ration is the feed given to farm animals to farm animals just to keep the animal alive and also to keep its live weight while production ration is targeted at the animal producing certain item for which it purposely being reared.
Hello, dear students. Please note that lesson two is here after the correction to lesson one. Wishing you all the best.
Correction to lesson one questions
- Difference between shifting cultivation and bush fallowing
Shifting cultivation is the system of farming in which a farmer cultivates a piece of land and leaves the land to rest (i.e to fallow) without the intention of coming back while bush fallowing is a system of farming in which a farmer cultivates a piece of land for about five years and leaves it to rest for about 3-8 years depending on the history of the land with the intention of coming back after the fallow period.
2. Three advantages of mixed farming :
a. It prevents total loss because it is not likely that both crops and animal production fail at the same time.
b. Farmer’s income increases from both crop and animal production.
c. Poultry droppings and animal dung can be added to crop farm to improve soil fertility.
3. Three types of pastoral farming.
a. Ley farming
b. Ranching
c. Nomadic farming.
LESSON TWO
Topic: Animal Feeds and Feeding
Definition
Animal feed is the feed given to farm animals for healthy growth and development. It is referred to as livestock feed. Feed given to farm animals depends on the following factors:
a. the type of farm animal.
b. the age of the farm animal.
c. the purpose of rearing the farm animal.
d. the state of health of the farm animal.
e. the physiological state of the farm animal.
Types of Animal Feed
1. Basal/energy or carbohydrate concentrates
2. Protein concentrates
3. Minerals and vitamins supplements
4. Roughages
Forms of roughages include the following:
a. Silage
b. Hay
c. Soilage
d. Straw
Ration
Ration is the quantity/amount of feed required by an animal for a day.
Types of Ration
There are two basic types of ration which are:
a. Production ration
b. Maintenance ration
Production ration is the feed required by farm animal to meet up with the production requirement of the farm animal e.g. milk production, meat production, etc.
Maintenance ration is the feed given to farm animal to be able to perform the metabolic activities of the body such as excretion, respiration, etc. Such feed is needed just to keep the animal alive and also to keep its live weight.
In addition, a balanced diet is the feed that contains all the required nutrients in their adequate and right proportions.
Assignment
Carefully read through the note and answer the following questions :
1.State three (3) factors that determine the feed given to farm animals.
2. Mention five (5) classes of feed nutrients.
3. Differentiate between maintenance ration and production ration.
Answer the above questions and submit using the following form:-
No Fields Found.Lesson One
Hello Dear Students, its a great moment, and we are having fun all the way
Today, we are looking at a topic – Farming system.
The note below is self explanatory.
Answer all the questions after the note. Submit your answers through the submission/feedback forms below.
Farming System
Farming systems are adopted or chosen methods and technology involved in rearing farm animals and planting crops.
Types of farming system
- Bush Fallowing
- Shifting cultivation
- Mixed farming
- Pastoral farming
- Taungya farming
- Plantation farming
Definition of farming System
Shifting cultivation
Shifting cultivation is the system of farming in which a farmer cultivates a piece of land and leaves the land to rest (i.e to fallow). He abandons the land with the intention of not returning to the land.
Bush Fallowing
This is a system of farming in which a farmer cultivates a piece of land for about five years and leaves it to rest for about 3-8 years depending on the history of the land. During the period of rest, the land grows to a bush and there is a natural recycling of nutrients such as falling down leaves and they decay to form organic matter that is rich in nutrient. In this system, the farmer does not abandon the land but returns after the period of fallow.
plantation farming
This is a system of farming in which an expanse of land is set aside for the cultivation of perennial crops; mostly cash crops like cocoa, rubber, coffee etc that can be exported.
mixed farming
This is the system of farming in which a farmer plants crops and rear farm animals on the same piece of land at the same time.
Taungya farming
This is a system of farming in which a farmer plants forest trees and food crops like maize, cassava, vegetable, pepper etc on the same piece of land. The food crops are planted at the space between trees. This planting is done before the trees grow to maturity.
Pastoral farming
This is a system of farming in which farmers rear only grazing animals like cattle, sheep, goat etc. in this system, a farmer either establish a pastureland or search for existing natural pasture with his farm animals.
Types of Pastoral Farming
- Nomadic Farming
- Ranching
- Ley Farming
Questions
Read through the note answer the following questions
- Differentiate between bush fallowing and shifting cultivation
- Mention three (3) advantages of mixed farming
- Mentions three (3) types of pastoral farming