JSS 3 CCA

                                DATE DELIVERED: 10/08/2020

                                EXHIBITION AND DISPLAY TECHNIQUES

WHAT IS EXHIBITION?

Exhibition is referred to as an organized presentation and display of selection of items and artworks. Exhibition can take place in different areas such as trade fairs, galleries, etc. Exhibition of items and artworks can be planned among group of people or individual. It is also meant for the interested people to appreciate and purchase items and artworks.

WHAT IS DISPLAY?

Display is simply an arrangement of things for people to look at and appreciate. There are processes involves in the display of art products either for sale or exhibition purposes.

STAGES IN PREPARATION OF ARTWORKS FOR DISPLAY

These involve: mounting, screens, labeling, framing, and fixing.

MOUNTING: Mounting of artworks to fix a picture or design work to larger piece of stiff so that it looks more attractive for display.

SCREENING: Simply means to prevent something harmful from passing through or destroying artworks so that it can be intact for display. In case of a painting work, it is wise to screen it with a glass panel to prevent air, water, sun rays, humidity, or spraying with fixatives to protect it from damaging it.

LABELLING: In this stage, information about the object on display is attached, e.g. the price of the object or artwork.

FRAMING: Framing as one of the preparation of artwork for display simply means to surround the artwork with beautiful or designed frames so that it can enhance its beauty and at the same time attractive. Example

FIXING; This involves the placing of the transparent object around the artwork for proper viewing of its aesthetic quality. And finally the mounting of artworks as the last stage of preparation which involves mounting of the artwork on the wall for proper viewing. Mounting of art work requires skills because a slight slant in an artwork out of proportion can distort the beauty of the work if displayed.

                                      DISPLAY TECHNIQUES

Categorizing: It means to put people or things into groups according to the type of person or thing they are. Classification of artwork is very important because it enables the viewers to differentiate the artistic medium. For example, painting textile, sculpture. Items under these categories must be established.

Lighting: artworks require detailing .The environment must be well lighted to enable the viewer to have a very good view of the artwork he or she is admiring and about to own. For example, it is not easy to decipher the colours used in a painting in a dark or semi- dark room.

Design of space: All artworks must have adequate viewing space in order for the viewers not to be hindered when admiring artistic work.

Mount screen board: The mount screen board must be clean and most times in white .They must be able to carry the weight of whatever items is being displayed .Most work of art are fragile.

QUESTIONS

 What is exhibition?

State the stages of display of artwork.

DATE DELIVERED 03/08/2020

                                          UNITY

Unity:  is a state of people being in agreement and acting together for a particular purpose.

Unity makes people to come together, work together and to have a team spirit in achieving an objective. There is peace and harmony when people unite.

                 IMPORTANCE OF UNITY

           1  Unity is needed for survival

As we all know unity protects us from all the evil doings, hence we people should help each other and together we should fight and face the evil and negative things, when we together stand only then we get freedom from all kind of negativity. Example, at the workplace you can easily survive when your team support you, your survival becomes easy even in the case of animals survival needs unity for example bat helps each other by sharing their food(blood) so that when they don’t have food they can get help from each other and can survive longer

.

2. Unity helps to grow

Nothing can grow alone, if you want to grow your business you want team members employees, if you want to grow your family you need your partner, if you want to achieve something huge in your life you need to walk together, as it says if you want to grow and want to go far then you need to move together.

 3. Unity works in wonders

Unity gives freedom,  unity makes us win, we all can work, we all have the capability to start business but by working together we can win, individually we are like one drop but together in unity we are like ocean, in this world you will meet different people, and every different people will know something that you don’t hence by understanding each other we people can learn through each other.

As it says “ I CAN DO SOMETHING WHICH YOU CANNOT, AND YOU CAN DO SOMETHING WE I CAN’T BUT TOGETHER WE CAN DO GREAT THINGS.”

4. Unity gives courage

Whenever you see injustice, you feel like saying but at the same moment you get afraid, but at the same moment when you get support you become brave and stand towards that injustice and face it, you get that courage because you knew that you have people who stand behind you and support you against that injustice, hence in order to deal with any injustice we people should fight together only then we can see the change.

In this world everyone wants change, but no one wants to become that change, no one wants to stand first, everyone wants others to do something about it, but friends this is our country our home and we all must take initiative to do something, hence instead of thinking about the change, be that change and help each other support each other and be kind. We people should always stand together because unity not only gives us power strength courage but it is also needed and very much important for our survival.

QUESTION

Explain briefly how unity promote courage.

DATE DELIVERED 27/07/2020

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES THAT FIGHT THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FAKE AND ADULTERATED GOODS

  1. NAFDAC: National Agency For Food and Drug Administration and Control
  • NAFDAC is the National Agency that monitors and control the standardization on food and drug products. Regulate and control the importation, exportation, manufacture, advertisement, distribution, sale and use of drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, packaged water and chemicals
  • Conduct appropriate tests and ensure compliance with standard specifications designated and approved by the council for the effective control of quality of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, packaged water, and chemicals.
  • Undertake appropriate investigation into the production premises and raw materials for food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals and establish a relevant quality assurance system, including certification of the production sites and of the regulated products
  • Undertake inspection of imported foods, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water, and chemicals and establish a relevant quality assurance system, including certification of the production sites and of the regulated products.
  • Compile standard specifications, regulations, and guidelines for the production, importation, exportation, sale and distribution of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water, and chemicals
  • Undertake the registration of food, drugs, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals
  • Control the exportation and issue quality certification of food, drugs, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals intended for export
  • Establish and maintain relevant laboratories or other institutions in strategic areas of Nigeria as may be necessary for the performance of its functions.

2. NDLEA: National Drug Law Enforcement Agency

  1. Investigate and prosecute criminals.
  2. Patrol public places, where the drugs might be illegally exported abroad.
  3. Consolidate with international agencies to fight drug traffickers.
  4. Demolish narcotic plants, substances, and drugs they find.
  5. Prevent manufacturing and selling of drugs. 
  1. 3. Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON),

This is the policy-making body for supervising the administration and financial management of SON.

The Council is responsible for among other things:

  1. ● Establishing and compiling Industrial standards in Nigeria.
  2.  ● Compiling an inventory of products that require standardization.
  3. ● To provide reference standards for verification and calibration of measurements, and equipment used for measuring in Nigeria.
  4.  ● To carry out inspections of the quality of products and materials, and facilities used in production. Also, to institute a quality assurance system which includes the certifying of products, laboratories, and factories.
  5. ● To carry tests and make sure every product and service comply with the standards approved by the council.
  6.  ● They also develop the methods for testing of equipment, materials, and supplies including the ones purchased for the government use.

      WAYS OF DISCOURAGING THE SALE OF FAKE AND ADULTERATED GOODS

  1. BE PATRIOTIC: the love and support of the country will make people to stop producing and selling fake and adulterated goods. Being patriotic means love for one’s country and willing to sacrifice for its development. An individual that love his country will not adulterate genuine and valuable goods.
  2. SHOW LOVE FOR OTHER PEOPLE: Individuals should show kindness, compassion and concern for the betterment of other.
  3. BE HONEST: a producer that produce quality goods or products will be patronized anytime the need arises .
  4. PARTNER WITH TRADE ASSOCIATION AND REGULATORY
    By partnering with trade associations related to goods branding, products can be protected. Some trade associations have developed mechanisms to conduct periodic checks on products of their members. Also, working closely with regulatory agencies like NAFDAC and SON who are empowered by law to apprehend and prosecute counterfeiters will go a long way in protecting products through their market raids and clean up.
  5. KNOW YOUR RIGHT AS A CONSUMER: It is good to know that the law protects yours right as a consumer.
  6. RESPECT AUTHORITY: Being considerate and doing things that are legal and respect can stop the sale of fake and adulterated goods.  

QUESTIONS

  1. List two ways on how sales of fake and adulterated products can be discourage.
  2. Mention five duties of NAFDAC in curbing the distribution of fake and adulterated goods

DATE DELIVERED: 20/7/2020

 FAKE AND ADULTERATED GOODS

   Fake goods are goods that are produced to imitate genuine and authentic goods. They are produced to deceive and defraud buyers.

Adulterated goods are goods that are made impure by adding inferior materials and re-processing them. Materials that are cheap and less of quality are used to adulterate good products during the addition or reproduction. The goods that are made impure through this process are called adulterated goods.

GOODS OFTEN FAKED AND ADULTERATED

  1. MEDICINE
  2. PROCESSED FOOD
  3. CLOTHING
  4. FABRIC
  5. WINE
  6. OLIVE OIL
  7. HONEY and more.

REASONS WHY PEOPLE PRODUCE AND DISTRIBUTE FAKE AND ADULTERATED GOODS

1 Corruption, greed and conflict of interest

Corrupt practices among law enforcement personnel and the involvement of some greedy high ranking government officials in the manufacture and distribution of fake drugs has to a great extent affected the efficiency of Drug Regulatory Agencies (DRAs) in checkmating the manufacture and distribution of fake drug products. This has made it difficult for DRAs to arrest, prosecute or sanction culprits..

2.  Inefficient cooperation between drug regulatory authorities and stakeholders

Ineffective cooperation existing between the drug regulatory authorities and other stakeholders like the judiciary, police and custom officials oftentimes delay arrests, judgments and sanctioning of culprits. This makes the control of drug markets and enforcement of drug laws very difficult.

3.Lack of patriotism

The lack of love for the country causes people to produce fake and adulterated goods. A patriotic citizen support and defends his country, he remains loyal to his homeland and refuses to adulterate pure and valuable goods.

4.  High cost of quality drug products

When prices of drug products are high and there are significant price differentials between genuine and fake products, counterfeiting may be encouraged (as large profit can be generated from the manufacture and supply cheap counterfeit drug products to consumers who most of the time cannot afford the high priced quality drug products from reputable sources).

5.  Ignorance and increase in self-medication culture

Ignorance, as a factor contributing to availability of fake drugs can be attributed to the literacy level of a given population. This is because it will be difficult for such people to differentiate genuine drug products from fake as they are easily enticed by the cheaper prices and easier accessibility from patronizing drug vendors. Some individuals still prefer to self-medicate when they are ill. They end up patronizing unlicensed drug vendors without bothering if the product is genuine or not.

 How to identify fake goods/products.

This can be extremely difficult, but where you can:
1. Buy from vendors and supermarkets who have a reputation for testing products and follow          good labeling practices
 2. Buy whole products, such as pepper corns and coffee beans, and grind them yourself
3. Ensure the name and address/contact details of the manufacturer is indicated on the packet and also look for recycling symbols and trademarks
4. Look for spelling errors in the description on the packet and also check the quality of the images or if the ink has run on the printing
5. Be suspicious of labels that aren’t affixed neatly or don’t reflect the product in the packaging.

QUESTIONS

1.Briefly explain  fake and adulterated goods

2.State two way on how to spot fake goods.

DATE:13/07/2020

                             SENSE OF BELONGING

DEFINITION:
A feeling of acceptance of, valuing, being a member of, and sometimes even ownership of a particular place or object.   OR

The feeling of fitting in with other students in the college as well as not feeling out of place there based on societal expectations or expectation of college personnel.

HOW TO ACHIEVE SENSE OF BELONGING AT SCHOOL

1. Establishing good relationship

2. Peer group, ie joining a group that brings positive development that will help.

3. Behaviour, personal thought and reactions toward situation.

4. Avoid solitary life.

5. Volunteer for a cause you are interested in

s. OTHER MEANS ARE:

  • Feel proud of their school
  • Feel useful there 
  • Have a positive relationship with school staff 
  • Join activities during the school day and after school 
  • Feel they belong to the group and take on the group’s values
  • Feel comfortable communicating with others
  • Be relaxed in group situations
  • Show sensitivity and cooperativeness  
  • Think of and suggest ideas the group can use 
  • Take on responsibilities

Good to know: These are a few signs that suggest a child has a strong sense of belonging.

  • Have a good relationship with the staff at school.
  • Take part in activities organized by the school.
  • Read the school’s code of conduct and information memo

QUESTION

Briefly explain how to achieve sense of belonging in the society.

DATE DELIVERED :6/07/2020

                                               TEAMWORK

DEFINING A TEAM:A team is a group of people who collaborate on related tasks toward a common goal.

 Teams have defined membership (which can be either large or small) and a set of activities to take part in. People on a team collaborate on sets of related tasks that are required to achieve an objective. Each member is responsible for contributing to the team, but the group as a whole is responsible for the team’s success.

TEAMWORK: Teamwork involves a set of interdependent activities performed by individuals who collaborate toward a common goal.

Teamwork involves a set of tasks and activities performed by individuals who collaborate with each other to achieve a common objective. That objective can be creating a product, delivering a service, writing a report, or making a decision. Teamwork differs from individual work in that it involves shared responsibility for a final outcome

CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE TEAMWORK

Effective teamwork requires certain conditions to be in place that will increase the likelihood that each member’s contributions—and the effort of the group as a whole—will lead to success. Effective teams share five characteristics:

  • Shared values: a common set of beliefs and principles about how and why the team members will work together
  • Mutual trust: confidence between team members that each puts the best interest of the team ahead of individual priorities
  • Inspiring vision: a clear direction that motivates commitment to a collective effort
  • Skill/talent: the combined abilities and expertise to accomplish the required tasks and work productively with others
  • Rewards: recognition of achievement toward objectives and reinforcement of behavior that supports the team’s work.

IMPORTANCE OF TEAMWORK

The benefits of teamwork include increased efficiency, the ability to focus different minds on the same problem, and mutual support.

  • . Higher efficiency: Since teams combine the efforts of individuals, they can accomplish more than an individual working alone.
  • Faster speed: Because teams draw on the efforts of many contributors, they can often complete tasks and activities in less time.
  • More thoughtful ideas: Each person who works on a problem or set of tasks may bring different information and knowledge to bear, which can result in solutions and approaches an individual would not have identified.
  • Greater effectiveness: When people coordinate their efforts, they can divide up roles and tasks to more thoroughly address an issue. For example, in hospital settings teamwork has been found to increase patient safety more than when only individual efforts are made to avoid mishaps.
  • . Mutual support: Because team members can rely on other people with shared goals, they can receive assistance and encouragement as they work on tasks. Such support can encourage people to achieve goals they may not have had the confidence to have reached on their own.
  • Greater sense of accomplishment: When members of a team collaborate and take collective responsibility for outcomes, they can feel a greater sense of accomplishment when they achieve a goal they could not have achieved if they had worked by themselves.

 Teamwork leads to learning

  • Every individual has his own set of skills and strengths. When the whole team works as one unit, people can always avail opportunities to learn from others. This process leads to resource building as employees then become better equipped to deal with challenges

QUESTIONS

  1.  Define Teamwork
  2. Explain briefly how to achieve a set goal under the following importance:
  3. Greater sense of accomplishment.
  4. More thoughtful ideal.
  5. Fast outcome.

DATE DELIVERED: 29/06/2020

LETTERING

WHAT IS LETTERING?

Lettering is the art of constructing letters of the alphabet for the works of graphics. Lettering

Started in Egypt and is known as HIEROGLYPHICS.

TYPES OF LETTER

Letters are constructed through various methods and are of various types. The types of letters are: constructed letters; handwritten letters

CONSTRUCTED LETTERS

These are letters constructed with the use of construction materials like T-Square, ruler, set-square, etc. Constructed letters are straight in nature and are visibly clear in outlook. Constructed letters are used to make graphic designs and are printed with cut paper.

Examples:  O ,   P  ,  Q  ,  R  ,S  , T  ,T,  U ,V  ,W  ,X  ,Y  ,Z .

HANDWRITTEN LETTERS

As the name implies, handwritten letters are letters made and constructed with ordinary hands without the use of construction materials. Handwritten letters can only be constructed with the pencil, biro, and paper. By this, handwritten is inscribed on a book or paper for another person to read.

EXAMPLES OF CONTRUCTED LETTERS

  1. Romans type of lettering
  2. Gothic type of lettering
  3. Italics type of lettering

ROMANS: These are the type of lettering with both horizontal and vertical thickness including decorative projections.

GOTHIC: These are the type that has uniform thickness in both horizontal and vertical strokes without decorative projections.

ITALICS:  These are the type that is produced to bend towards the right or left hand side.

EXAMPLES OF HANDWRITTEN {pen letters}

These include the following:  calligraphy, Text etc.

CALLIGRAPHY: This is known to be a fine and decorative handwriting.

TEXT: These are handwritten lettering with decorative projections. It is usually used for writing certificates greeting cards, etc.

USES OF LETTERING

Letters are used for printing of books.

Letterings are used for producing banners, T-shirts, plaques for awards.

It is used for signboards, and posters.

It is used for production of newspapers, magazines, journals, etc.

QUESTIONS

1. Describe lettering.

2. Mention and describe types of lettering.

DATE DELIVERED :22/6/2020

                                 CALABASH  DECORATION

Calabash is a versatile fruit of a creeping/climbing plant which grows easily in almost every part of Nigeria. It produces fruits which are regular in shape. It is in many sizes which determines its uses. Calabashes are mostly rounding. The calabash is known by various different names depending on the area or people in Nigeria. For example, the Yoruba call it “Igba”, the Igbo call it “Ugba”, while the Hausa call it “Duma” or “Kwarya”. Calabashes undergo some processing to produce household utensils like bowls, cups and water/wine containers among others, not only for domestic uses, but for religious and religious cultural purposes. When the calabashes are ripe for harvesting, those that are to be used as household utensils and/or other purposes are gathered and soaked in water for several days until the seeds are rotten. *Designed calabashes Then the calabashes are cut open, and the contents are scraped out clean. The shells are dried in the sun until they are hard. The dried calabashes are then ready for use. The natural colour of the outer skin of dried calabash is warm yellow, and it darkens with age and use. The calabashes may be stained in other colours: rose, by rubbing them with millet leaves; blue, with indigo among others. They can also be darkened by hanging them in a smoky room. However, calabashes can be decorated by several different techniques or methods according to the tradition of the area; though some people can use them as they are. They simply wash the calabash regularly. They are numerous varieties of designs and patterns which calabash carvers carry out for calabash decoration. These are achieved by applying the following main techniques or methods namely: Scraping; Carving; Scorching; Pyro-engraving and Pressure-engraving. In the most areas of the country, the techniques or methods in use are combined. For example, calabash carvers in Oyo State or Kwara state combine Scraping Carving and Engraving  techniques. In Adamawa State, they combine the Pyro-engraving and the engraving techniques, while in Kwara and Sokoto, Scraping, Carving and scarification as well as Painting methods are used.

TOOLS FOR CALABASH DECORATION

The basic tools for calabash decoration include: Knife of different sizes and shapes; iron needles; Saw; Perforated polished can; scrapper; nails; white chalk etc.

TECHNIQUES OF DECORATING CALABASH

 The decoration techniques are:

Scraping Method: This technique involves the use of a sharp knife which sometimes has a serrated edge. This is used to scrape off the pattern motif to some depth, about 2-3 millimeters below the surface. The Fulani women carvers may rub chalk into the scraped area. As the background area is carefully scraped away, then the pattern stands out in the natural colour of the skin of the calabash against a white background.

Carving Method: This is another technique, whereby lines are incised with a sharp knife. The carvers make as many incisions as possible to decorate the calabash both inside and outside. This is also called “Cutting” or “Scarification”. They put their knives in the made or prepared fire. When the knives get red-hot, they use them to design on the calabashes.

Scorching method : This is practiced among the Fulanis,red hot iron is employed to make different design on then calabash.

Engraving method: Here the knife is used to cut deep into the skin of the calabash, using different motifs.

Pyro- engraving: In pyro-engraving method, the calabash is stripped of its outer skin to provide a non slippery surface.Lines are then burnt into it with are hot knife or pointed instrument.

Uses of calabash

1.Gift for an occasion e.g marriage, chieftaincy ceremony,etc.

2.It could be used as decorative object in our homes .

3.It could be used as water container.

4. It could be used to store unserve palm wine or water

5.It could be used as storage for food and other items.

Class Activities

1 .what is calabash decoration?

2. Explain briefly the preparation of calabash decoration

    DATE DELIVERED: 15/6/2020       EMBROIDERY             

Embroidery is the craft of decorating fabric or other materials using a needle to apply thread or yarn. Embroidery may also incorporate other materials such as pearls, beads, quills, and sequins. In modern days, embroidery is usually seen on caps, hats, coats, blankets, dress shirts, denim, dresses, stockings, and golf shirts. Embroidery is available with a wide variety of thread or yarn color.

Some of the basic techniques or stitches of the earliest embroidery are chain stitch, buttonhole or blanket stitch, running stitch, satin stitch, cross stitch.[1] Those stitches remain the fundamental techniques of hand embroidery today. 

EMBROIDERY MATERIALS AND TOOLS

 embroidery hoop – this is a ring consisting of two parts. You put the fabric in between the hoops – this helps keep it taut, making the embroidering easier. These come in plastic and wood – I prefer plastic for doing the embroidering and wood for displaying the embroideries.

  • small, sharp scissors. You can find these under many names – though a google search for “embroidery scissors” will get you what you need. 😀
  • fabric of choice! Linen, quilting cotton, canvas and osnaburg are all great choices! It should not be too loosely woven or too tight.
  • embroidery floss. This is cheap and comes in TONS of colors.
  • embroidery needles. These have bigger eyes than normal needles to accommodate the size of the floss.
  • a water soluble marker or other marking tool. This way you can draw designs onto your fabric! It’s best it you use a water soluble pen so you can rinse the markings out with cold water at the end.
  • whatever fabric you like! Muslin, quilting cotton, canvas and linen all work well.
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FzQvJDxBfqM/UlrbJAfIPzI/AAAAAAAAATs/NGGzz0e3w_Y/s1600/One+of+Yomi+Casual's+2012+Design.jpg

STEPS IN MAKING EMBROIDERY

1.Get fabric materials and tools like loop, needle ,thread, yarn,etc.

2. Use the loop to stretch chosen fabrics

3.Cut the length of the thread, yarn, fabric,etc. to suit your desired length and size

4.Get the needle threaded.

5 Tie a knot at the end of the yarn,thread,etc.

6.From the back side, poke the fabric with the fabric.

USES OF EMBROIDERY

1. USE EMBROIDERY TO MEND A TEAR IN YOUR FAVORITE OLD JEANS.

Embroidery is also a great way to mend a tear in jeans or socks  

2.  MAKE A NECKLACE. Simply glue the fabric on the backing then place the tiny hoop on top. Glue the rest of the overlapping fabric to the back and apply a ribbon to turn it into a pendant.

3.IT CAN BE USE AS MONOGRAM. .A very versatile use of embroidery stitching is monograms. Monograms have use on many different fabrics, not only clothing. The monogrammed raincoat is a trendy option, this embroidery style is used on blankets for graduation gifts, or burp clothes for newborns as well!

4.

. Blankets, towels, and totes

Wedding gifts are a great opportunity to give the newlyweds a functional gift that reminds them of their special day. Blankets, towels, or tote bags monogrammed or embroidered with designs symbolizing the day are great gifts. Embroidered items make traditional items memorable .

Questions

  1. define embroidery

2.state the uses of embroidery.

                                                        JSS 3

                            CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN OF PACKAGES

What is package?

They are containers like box (carton), bag, bottle, etc. in which things are wrapped or packed for sales or exhibition.

PACKAGE DESIGN

               The designer of package must know the types of product he is designing. There are different types of packages eg sachet water wrapper, sweet wrapper, match box, mint rolls, toilet rolls, tubes (toothpaste, cream, lotion etc).

MATERIALS NEEDED

– Cardboard, poster colour, scissors, brush, pen, cutting knife, gum adhesive, masking tape, printing ink, etc

DESIGN SACHET: PURE WATER

Procedure

  1. Design the dummy of the sachet to make two or three design.
  2. Pick the best design.
  3. Produce the camera-ready art work.
  4. Produce the positive lithographic work.
  5. Transfer the design on the mesh.
  6. Get cellophane paper ready.

Most of the packages with cellophane sheet are done with silk screen process (screen printing).

QUESTIONS:

What is a package?

What are the materials needed for packaging?

State the procedure for designing water sachet package.

.

                                                        

DATE DELIVERED: 01/06/ 2020

THE NIGERIAN TRADITIONAL ARTS

INTRODUCTION: Nigeria is blessed with many tribes, languages, dialect, and different cultures that are very rich. Those cultures reflected in the art of these different people or ethnic groups. Nigerian is one of the Africa countries that had been in the forefront in making impact in the arts of the entire African continent. Nigeria arts are expressed in various forms-stylized, naturalistic and symbolic. Such symbols like the ancestral spirits and diseases are common in the traditional Nigerian artworks. Before the advent of the European, the likes of Nok, Ife, Benin cultures are known to the historians mainly because of the objects found in the these areas(Nok villages, Ife town and Benin town). All these traditional arts will be further discussed under the following sub-headings: location, date, medium/ media, historical background/ discovery, characteristics and examples.

 THE NOK CULTURE

Location: The nok arts is located within the sub Saharan area such as Wamba, Jemma, Kagoro and old Abuja in Kaduna very close to Jos. It was an historian in person of Bernard Fagg who named the art works after the village NOK. Nok represents the oldest of the sculpture tradition in Nigeria andAfrica.

Date: The Nok culture has been dated back conservatively between 500BC and 300 B.C.

Medium: The Nok culture was produced in terracotta (i.e a fired clay that turns brownish in colour ).

Size: The size ranges from 10cm and 1.5meters.

Historical background/ discovery: There are two schools of taught concerning the discovery of Nok arts, first and foremost Nok art was discovered by an historian in person  of Bernard Fagg from British museum in 1952. Also, it was discovered by col.Dent Young in 1928.The Nok culture is in form of animals and human, example, the type of elephant image and human being.

Characteristics: 

  • Nok art is semi-naturalistic in nature.
  • The eyes are triangular in shape, and pierced.
  • The nostrils are made with holes.
  • The mouths are opened.
  • The Nok arts has elaborate hairdo
  • Possession of crown shaped head
  • Cylindrical, oval in shape.

 IFE CULTURE

   Ife is believed to be the cradle of Yoruba civilization, and it shows its manifestation of naturalism.

Location: Ife art is located within the ife town such as Iwinrin grove, Obalufon, Lafogido,Wumonije’s compound, south western part of Nigeria.

Date: Ifeart was dated around 1100 and 1400 AD

Medium: Ife art is produce in different media such as terracotta, bronze, stone and brass.

Size: The size is life size.

Historical background / discovery:Ife art was firstly discovered by Richard and John Lander in 1832,when the glass beads were produced. It was later discovered by an archaeologist in person of Leo Frobenius in the year 1910. Also,years later,Ife art was discovered in Wumonije’s compound while he was digging the foundation of his house.

Examples of Ife arts: Ife terracotta head, terracotta elephant head, olokun bronze head, king and queen bronze work, obalufon mask, Ooni Lafogido bronze figure and bronze bowl figure of a queen.

Characteristics:

  • It is naturalistic in nature (i.e. realistic).
  • The eyes are fixed into the sockets.
  • There is the presence of scarifications ( i e facial mask).
  • Ife arts are heavily beaded with necklaces, bracelet and anklets.
  • There is presence of holes representing the hair around the mustache and on the fore-head.
  • The faces wear that of the noble people.                                                                                                                                                                            

QUESTION S:     1 – Explain briefly the Nok culture under the following sub –heading;

  1. Location,
  2. Dating,
  3. Historical background,
  4. Three characteristics.  

2- List the media for the production of both Nok and Ife arts.

No Fields Found.

   LESSON ONE

                                                          Topic : PAINTING

Learning objectives: by the end of the lesson, you should be able to :

  1. explain the meaning of painting through the definition,
  2. list the materials for painting,
  3. explain the techniques of painting ,
  4. draw and paint still life .

  INTRODUCTION

Painting  is by classification under  fine arts, and it deals with the use of colour  to bring out creative ideals.

DEFINITION

Painting is said to be art or process of applying  colours to any flat surfaced material such as canvas, panel board, wall,etc. to produce and  bring out solidity and reality of object and picture.

MATERIALS FOR PAINTING

Materials for painting include the following: brushes, colour(water colour, poster colour, oil colour, acrylic ,and dry based colours such as chalk pastel and oil pastel,pencil crayon ,wax crayon ,etc),easel,turpentine,palette,palette knife, dipper,etc.

TECHNIQUES OF PAINTING

There are different techniques that can be used for executing painting works,but two of the techniques will be explain today,which are water colour painting and poster colour painting.

WATER COLOUR PAINTING.

Water colour s are more forgiving than poster colour or acrylics because mistakes are less noticeable.                                                                                                                                                              Stages:  1. Make a drawing of your own choice with pencil firstly,

2. mix the water colour with water to make it lighter and transparent,

3.apply the transparent colour mixed to your drawing,

4.shade the areas needed with fairly thickened colour, and avoid dirtyness.ie the of colours that are not matching each other eg brown and green.

POSTER COLOUR PAINTING

Firstly, stretch your cardboard on your drawing board with water and allow it to dry.

Secondly, make a sketch of your own choice with pencil or sable brush, then mix your colour down in tones .

Thirdly, apply the lighter colour first to the lighter areas needed with the use of flat hog brush, and later the darker part.

Fourthly,start blending the areas needed together without any demarcation ,and allow to dry.

ASSESSMENT QUESTION

With the aid of a properly drawn still life objects of your choice,paint, using tones and shades.

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