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HELLO, I HOPE YOU ARE STAYING SAFE, GOD WILL CONTINUE TO KEEP US SAFE, AMEN. PLEASE DO NOT RELENT IN YOUR STUDIES, THE LORD WILL CROWN YOUR EFFORT WITH GOOD SUCCESS, AMEN.
CLIMATIC CHANGE
06/08/2020 CORRECTION TO ASSIGNMENT
What are tropospheric gases?
These are trace elements found in the troposphere as a result of their release into the atmosphere by human activities.
CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATIC CHANGE
- Melting of ice caps: due to global warming, the polar ice sheets have started to melt and glaciers around the world are shrinking. These changes is increasing the sea levels which in time will threaten low-lying areas and islands
- Increasing temperatures: due to the depletion of the ozone layers, the earth is now receiving direct rays of the sun and this has resulted in the continuous increase in the temperature of the environment
- High rainfall: the changes in the temperature and other weather conditions of the environment has resulted in heavy rain which is now causing serious flooding in most parts of the world
- Submergence of coastal cities: the ever increasing rainfall, the melting of ice and glaciers, etc., has resulted in increase in the level of water in the ocean which has led to the rise in sea level which is now leading to the submergence of the coastal cities
- Cancer and eye cataract: extreme weather conditions due to climate change have affected the health of the people. such extreme weather conditions have resulted into cancer and eye cataract in human beings
- Emergence of new diseases: extreme cases of these harsh weather conditions in our environment is fast resulting in the emergence of new diseases in the environment.
ASSIGNMENT
List and explain some remedies to the problems of climatic change
29/07/2020 CLIMATIC CHANGE
Climatic change is defined as a change in the statistical properties of the climatic system when considered over a long periods of time. It is a long-term shift in weather conditions identified by changes in temperature, precipitation, winds and other indicators and it may also include some other extreme events.
CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Any factor that causes a sustained change to the amount of incoming energy or the amount of the outgoing energy can lead to climatic change. As these factors are external to the climatic system, they are referred to as “climate forcers”.
Factors that causes climate change includes:
- Greenhouse effect: the build up of greenhouse gases such as carbondioxide into the atmosphere has led to an enhancement of the natural greenhouse effect. This enhancement have the potential to warm the planet to levels that have never been experienced in the history of human civilization
- Ozone layer depletion: the ozone layer is a tiny layer in the atmosphere that reduces the amount of sun’s radiation that gets to the earth’s surface. This ozone layer is being depleted as a result of human activities and this has led to direct release of radiant light of the sun directly to the earth surface resulting in global warming.
- Chloro-floro Carbon (CFC) gases: The CFC are other forms of gases that are released to the atmosphere. They include methane and tropospheric gas resulting from the burning of fossil fuels into the atmosphere and these eventually lead to climatic change in the environment
- Volcanic activities: volcanic eruptions release various substances and gases into the atmosphere thereby leading to changes in the climate of that area.
- Carbon emission: the release of carbon can be from the activities of man like burning of fossil fuels and the conversion of land for forestry.
- Gas flaring: the continuous flaring of gas especially from petroleum products do generate enormous gases such as carbondioxide and other dangerous gases into the atmosphere. These gases are large enough to cause climatic change in the environment.
ASSIGNMENT
- Write a short note on tropospheric gas
- Explain briefly how increase in population and deforestation can cause climate change
TOPIC: GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF STATISTICAL DATA
22/07/20
CHOROPLETH MAP
This refers to diagrammatic representation of certain figures, information or data of a particular issue in form of densities.
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
- Give the map a clear title
- Examine the series of figures or data provided
- Choose a suitable scale
- Use the scale to divide the values given
- The group values of the same range into categories
- Then, represent these categories in a choropleth map
EXERCISE
The table below shows the population of some parts of Oyo State in 1990. Represent the information by means of choropleth map.
| TOWN | POPULATION |
| Saki | 100, 000 |
| Ogbomoso | 800, 000 |
| Oyo | 350,000 |
| Okeho | 200, 000 |
| Fiditi | 50,000 |
| Afijio | 20,500 |
| Iseyin | 200,250 |
| Igboho | 250,000 |
| Lalupon | 450,000 |
| Kisi | 255,000 |
| Eruwa | 400,000 |
| Ilora | 15,000 |
Population of students in All Souls High School in 1990
SOLUTION
- Choose a suitable scale : 1:10,000
- Divide the values of the population by the scale
Saki = 100,000 / 10, 000 = 10
Ogbomoso = 800,000 / 10,000 = 80
Oyo = 350,000 / 10,000 = 35
Okeho = 200,000 / 10,000 = 20
Fiditi = 50, 000 / 10,000 = 5
Afijio = 20,500 / 10,000 = 2.05
Iseyin = 200,000 / 10,000 = 20
Igboho = 250,000 / 10,000 = 25
Lalupon = 450,000 / 10,000 = 45
Kisi = 255,000 / 10, 000 = 25.5 = 26
Eruwa = 400,000 / 10,000 = 40
Ilora = 15,000 / 10,000 = 1.5
- From the calculated figures above, Ogbomoso has the highest population which is 80. To enable one divide the shading into convenient groups, 80 is divided into 4 groups i.e. 80 / 20 = 4 groups which are 1-20, 21-40, 41-60, 61-80.
- Use different types of shading to represent each of the population shown in the scale and the key of each shading must be indicated
Hint: 6 towns fall within 1-20, 4 towns fall within 21 -40, 1 town falls within 41-60, 1 town falls within 61-80
ASSIGNMENT
Draw a choropleth map to represent the calculated data for the population of towns in Oyo state in 1990
16/07/20
NOTE: All exercises are to be done in your notebooks, snapped and uploaded using the link above for uploading pictures. Do not use excel to solve questions.
DOT MAPS
A Dot map refers to a diagrammatic representation of a large quantity or volume of data by means of dots.
METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION
- Give the dot map a clear title
- Examine the series of figures or data shown in the table
- Choose a suitable scale e.g. 1 dot represent 10,000 tonnes
- Use the scale to divide the values given
- The result of the divided values gives the number of dots to be used on the map
- Draw the dot map and represent each unit with the specified number of dots.
Exercise: based on the statistics given below construct a unit dot map to show cultivated land area in NIGERIA.
| ZONES | CULTIVATED LAND (HECTARES) |
| 1 | 80,500 |
| 2 | 55,000 |
| 3 | 90,000 |
| 4 | 70,000 |
Solution
- Choose a suitable scale ; 1 dot represents 10,000 hectares
- Divide the cultivated land by the scale i.e. 10,000 ( round the gotten values up)
Zone 1 = 80,500/10,000 = 8 dots
Zone 2 = 55,000/10,000 = 6 dots
Zone 3 = 90,000/10,000 = 9 dots
Zone 4 = 70,000/10,000 = 7 dots
- Assignment: using the calculated values draw a suitable and represent all the cultivated land by means of dot maps.
Hint: use dot to represent the values of each zone and demarcate one zone from another with a line.
- Draw your key and write out the title of the dot map.
The population of the people on an island
The diagram above is an example of a dot map showing the population of the people on an island.
PROPORTIONAL CIRCLES
These are circles whose areas were made proportional to the quantities they represent. They are diagrams sued to illustrate population distribution and/or economic production and distribution.
METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION
- Examine the figures given in the table
- Choose a suitable scale e.g. 1cm:10 tonnes
- Work out the values given by dividing the values by the scale to provide the diameter of the various circles
- With the aid of a ruler (to measure the diameter) and a pair of compass, draw the various sizes of the circles in relation to the quantities produced.
EXAMPLE: using the table below, determine the production of rice and represent such production by proportional circle.
| Region | Production (tonnes) |
| Sokoto | 80 |
| Maiduguri | 50 |
| Makurdi | 150 |
| Enugu | 40 |
| Benin city | 20 |
Solution
Using the 1cm: 10tonnes
Sokoto = 80/10 = 8cm
Maiduguri = 50/10 = 5cm
Makurdi = 150/10 = 15cm
Enugu = 40/10 = 4cm
Benin City = 20/10 = 2cm
ASSIGNMENT
Draw proportional circles for the regions using the calculated values for their diameter.
STAR GRAPH
Star graph is demonstrated by drawing lines proportional in length to the values they represent. For the example below, the lines would radiate in the direction of movement of the goods. When the diagram is completed, the radials would look like a star with the point of production forming the center of the star.
EXAMPLE: represent the distribution if yam produced in markurdi in 1960 by a star graph.
| Destination region | Quantity distributed (tonnes) |
| Sokoto | 20,000 |
| Maiduguri | 50,000 |
| Lagos | 60,000 |
| Portharcourt | 40,000 |
Distribution of yam produced in Maiduguri 1960
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
- Examine the series of figures given in the table
- Choose a suitable scale e.g. 1cm:10,000 tonnes
- Work out and draw the length of the lines to represent each of the figures given
SOLUTION
Scale 1cm: 10,000 tonnes
Sokoto = 20,000/10,000 = 2cm
Maiduguri = 50,000/10,000 = 5cm
Lagos = 60,000/10,000 = 6cm
Portharcourt = 40,000/10,000 = 4cm
ASSIGNMENT
Draw a circle to represent the source point (Markudi), then from this source draw lines to represent the towns e.g. draw 2cm away from the source point (Markudi) to represent Sokoto and so on. Go to essential geography for senior secondary schools, page 563 for guidelines
FLOW CHART
Flow chart is used to illustrate information like transport, the relative amount of traffic, passengers or goods carried along different routes. It requires drawing lines on both sides of and parallel to the route ways. The width of the band should be proportional to the volume of traffic or goods passing through each route, increasing abruptly where two routes converge.
METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION
- Give the flow chart a clear title
- Examine the series of figures shown in the table
- Choose a suitable scale e.g. 1mm:10,000 tonnes as in the examples below
- Use the scale to divide the values given
- The result of the divided values gives the size of the flow chart
- Draw the flow chart to join the receiving regions
Example : represent by means of flow chart, the volume of import trade between Nigeria and Britain, U.S.A and Japan and the three towns receiving such goods from Apapa port in 1990 from the table below.
| Country of Origin | Receiving region | Value of Import (tonnes) |
| Japan | Apapa – Ibadan | 15,000 |
| Britain | Apapa – Benin | 20,000 |
| U.S.A | Apapa – Akure | 50,000 |
Scale: 1mm = 10,000 tonnes
Divide the figures using the scale above
Solution
Apapa – Ibadan = 15000/10000 = 1.5mm
Apapa – Benin = 20000/10000 = 2.0mm
Apapa – Akure = 50000/10000 = 5mm
Draw a flow chart using the solution above, turn to page 562 of the essential geography for senior secondary for guideline.
P
IE CHARTS
A pie chart is a simple circle of any convenient size which is divided into sections, each of which is proportional to the quantity or value it represent.
It is usually measured in percentage or in degrees with the aid of a protractor. The entire circle is represented by 3600 or 100%.
METHOD OF CONSRUCTION
- Add up the figure of the values given
- Work out the percentage or degree of the total which each component part represent
- Draw a circle of a convenient size
- Divide the circle up into sectors substended by these angles calculated in number (2) above using a protractor
- Write the percentage or degree of each sector by it
- Use key where the information cannot be written inside the circle to show what each sector represents.
EXAMPLE; Represent the information in the table below by means of pie chart
| Export product | Value In million |
| Cocoa | 200 |
| Groundnut | 140 |
| Petroleum | 240 |
| Coal | 50 |
| Others | 90 |
A table showing value of the most important exports of Nigeria in 1980
SOLUTION
Add up the figures given 200 + 140 + 240 + 50 + 90 = 720
Workings in percentages
Cocoa = 200 / 720 × 100/1 = 29.8%
Groundnut = 140 /720 × 100/1 = 19.55%
Petroleum = 240 / 720 × 100 / 1 = 33.3%
Coal = 50 / 720 × 100 / 1 = 6.9%
Others = 90 / 720 × 100 / 1 = 12.5%
Addition of the percentages = 100%
Workings in degrees
Cocoa = 200 / 720 × 360 / 1 = 1000
Groundnut = 140 / 720 × 360 / 1 = 700
Petroleum = 240 / 720 × 360 / 1 = 1200
Coal = 50 / 720 × 360 / 1 = 250
Other = 90 / 720 × 360 / 1 = 450
Addition of the angles = 3600
EXERCISE
Using the values in degree, i.e., 1000, 700 etc., draw a pie chart using a protractor.
11/06/2020
MULTIPLE BAR CHART
This is used when there are three or more variables in a given data. Each bars stands for a component variables.
Steps in constructing multiple bar charts
- Find a simple scale to use egg, 1cm to represent 1000 units
- Divide the given figures in the data by the sale
- Use the divided figures to instruct the graph
- Draw the gotten figures on a table
- Construct the multiple bar chart using the divided figures
EXERCISE: The table below shows the population of men, women and children in 5 states in Nigeria, draw a multiple bar chart from the statistics given.
| state | men | women | children |
| Kwara | 500,000 | 650,000 | 800,500 |
| Edo | 800,000 | 900,000 | 950,000 |
| Enugu | 750,000 | 800,000 | 900,000 |
| Jigawa | 800,000 | 850,000 | 950,000 |
| yobe | 500,000 | 700,000 | 900,000 |
Importance of using group bar graph to represent statistics
- For easy comparison of items
- To represent wide range of data
- For easy comprehension of multiples data
- For easy computation of items
- To give vivid impression of the quantities involved.
In the last class we studied simple bar chart, today we will be looking at another type of bar chart called component bar chart
note: bar chart can be divided into simple, component and multiple bar charts
b. component bar chart: a component bar chart is used when the data involved has two variables.
EXAMPLE: represent the population of males and females in edo state in 1999 by a bar chart using the table below
| towns | Males | Females | Total |
| Uromi | 80,000 | 60,000 | 140,000 |
| Ubiaja | 60,000 | 50,000 | 110,000 |
| Ekpoma | 70,000 | 30,000 | 100,000 |
| Irrua | 30,000 | 15,000 | 45,000 |
Population of some towns in edo state I 1999
Solution
- Find a suitable scale for constructing the graph (1cm:1000 people)
- Divide all the figures by 1000 i.e. the scale
- Represent the derived figure in a table
- Using a graph sheet, choose a suitable scale fo the graph (1cm:10 units)
towns | Males | Females | total |
| Uromi | 80 | 60 | 140 |
| Ubiaja | 60 | 50 | 110 |
| Ekpoma | 70 | 30 | 100 |
| Irrua | 30 | 15 | 45 |
EXERCISE
Draw the graph in a graph sheet, snap and upload using the link above.
No Fields Found.2.) Bar Graphs or Charts
It consists of a number of proportional bars of equal size and variable length. it can be simple or multiple components and it may be arranged vertically or horizontally.
1.) Simple bar chart: this is used when the data involves are made up of only one item or component. The bar chart can be represented by tabulated data with evenly spaced bars, separated by even gaps with the lengths (height) of the bars being proportional to the attribute frequencies.
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
- Give the bar graph/chat a clear title
- examine the series of figure shown in the table
- using a graph paper, choose a suitable scale. e.g, 2cm : 1000 tonnes and note the highest and the lowest tonnes of Cocoa produced
- the years (frequency) are arranged along the horizontal line while the Cocao produced are arranged along the vertical line
- the bar graph is the drawn with the years corresponding to the tonnes of Cocoa produced (frequency)
CALCULATION ON THE GRAPH
Information such as the year with highest cocoa production, the year with the lowest Cocoa production, the total tonnes of Cocoa produced can be added together (1960-1967), the average or mean production can be derived by adding the total production and dividing it by the number of years (8)
EXAMPLE:
Represent cocoa production in Nigeria (1960-1967) in a bar graph
| Year | Tonnes of Cocoa |
| 1960 | 7,000 |
| 1961 | 1,500 |
| 1962 | 3,000 |
| 1963 | 6,000 |
| 1964 | 8,500 |
| 1965 | 5,000 |
| 1966 | 4,000 |
| 1967 | 3,500 |
SOLUTION
- From the figures given, the scale 2 cm: 1000 tonnes is used and the figures given can be reduced to simple ones by dividing the figures by 1000 i.e, the scale
- The new values will now be
| Year | Cocoa (in tonnes) |
| 1960 | 7.0 |
| 1961 | 1.5 |
| 1962 | 3.0 |
| 1963 | 6.0 |
| 1964 | 8.5 |
| 1965 | 5.0 |
| 1966 | 4.0 |
| 1967 | 3.5 |
Then draw the bar graph using the new data.
Title: Cocoa production in Nigeria (1960-1967)
Note: the title should be on your graph sheet.
ASSIGNMENT
Represent the data below on a bar graph, snap and upload in the link below.
| Cities | Rail Passenger Traffic |
| Ibadan | 500,000 |
| Enugu | 300,000 |
| Maiduguri | 250,000 |
| Port-Harcourt | 150,000 |
| Minna | 100,000 |
m is to treat the various ways of representing large volumes of information and data in graphical forms.
Graphs can be line graph, bar graph, pie chart, flow chart, star graph, proportional circles, dot map and choropleth
LINE GRAPH
it is used for data where emphasis is on continuous change. it is used to join or connect the highest points of a group of data such as rainfall, temperature, humidity etc.
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
- Give the line graph a clear title
- Examine the series of figures shown on the table
- Note the maximum and minimum figures
- using a graph paper, choose a suitable scale e.g, 1cm:10cm3
- the months are arranged along the horizontal line while the rainfall figures in Cm3 are arranged along the vertical line as in the figure below
- the graph is plotted and the maximum points of each month are joined together to give a line graph
EXAMPLE
Table of rainfall figures for Enugu for the months of January – October, 1995.
| months | J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O |
| Rainfall (cm3) | 25 | 30 | 28 | 55 | 20 | 40 | 45 | 45 | 43 | 35 |
ASSIGNMENT
Use the table below to draw a line graph (use paper and pencil, snap and upload)
| State | Ondo | Oyo | Osun | Lagos | Ogun | Kwara | Edo | Delta | Cross river |
| Rainfall (cm3) | 35 | 30 | 28 | 40 | 35 | 30 | 32 | 40 | 45 |
show your scale
No Fields Found.